Author: Anamar Taknev

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Complete guide to MAC changer tool

Hello, aspiring ethical hackers. In this blogpost, you will learn about a tool named MAC changer. In your ethical hacking journey there may be one day a need arise to change your MAC addresses. Although you can change your MAC addresses manually, mac changer is a tool that helps you to change it automatically. In our previous data link layer attacks, you learnt that communication in a LAN takes place with MAC addresses.

In our previous article on Data-link layer attacks, you have learnt what is a MAC address and its uses. Now, let’s see how to change your MAC addresses using MAC changer tool. To be able to change your MAC address first, you need to know your present MAC address. You can find out the MAC address of your machine using the command shown below.

ip a

You can see the current version of mac changes installed using the ‘-V’ option as show below.

You can see that each network adapter (NIC) attached to the system has one unique MAC address. You can also see your the MAC address of your device using MAC changer with the “-s” option. 

macchanger -s <network interface>

If you want to see all the vendors that provide MAC addresses, using mac changer, the option is ‘-l’ as shown below.

macchanger -l

Before changing the MAC address of a adapter, make sure you disable that adapter using command as shown below.

sudo ip link set eth0 down

After making changes, you can enable the adapter using command shown below.

sudo ip link set eth0 up

Now, let’s see the different ways in which MAC addresses can be changed using mac changer. To give a random MAC address to a particular network adapter, say to the “eth0” adapter, the option we need to use is “-r”.

macchanger -r <interface>

To assign a random vendor MAC address of the same kind with mac changer, the option to use is “a”.

macchanger -a <interface>

To give a random MAC address of any kind, we can use the “-A” option.

macchanger -A <interface>

Every vendor has a unique MAC address that starts with unique vendor bytes. Using this tool, you can also change the MAC address without changing the vendor bytes using the “-e” option.

macchanger -e <interface>

You already know that MAC address is hardcoded to a hardware NIC card. Using this tool, you can also make your changed MAC addresses pretend as the burned in address of the NIC.

macchanger -b -r <interface>

That’s all about mac changer tool.

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Beginners guide to ffuf tool

Hello, aspiring ethical hackers. In one of our previous blogposts on website footprinting, you learnt that web directory scanning and fuzzing are some of the techniques used to gather information about a website. In this blogpost, you will learn about a tool named ffuf, which is a fuzzing tool known for its speed.

Written in Go language, it is considered a very fast web fuzzer available on the market. It can be used for web content discovery (director scanning), virtual host discovery, parameter fuzzing, POST data fuzzing, configuration file check etc.

In this blogpost, let’s see how to use ffuf for fuzzing. It is installed by default on Kali and we are going to use the same. Metasploitable 2 is our target as always. See how to create a virtual hacking lab with Kali and Metasploitable 2.

Just like any other directory scanner out there, you need to specify an URL and a wordlist for fuzzing with ffuf. However, unlike other directory scanners, you need to use a word FUZZ while using this tool as shown below.

Here, we are fuzzing Mutillidae installed by default on Metasploitable 2. Here’s the result of the scan.

Colorize output(-c)

It found some interesting directories. However, the output is monotonous. With ffuf however, you can colorize the output using the “-c” option.

Here’s the result.

Silent mode (-s)

If you don’t like this output or want this tool to display output without printing any additional information, you can do it with the “-s” option.

Changing HTTP method (-X)

By default, Ffuf uses HTTP GET method. We can change this using the option (-X). For example, let’s change it to use POST parameter as shown below.

Follow redirected URL’s (-r)

Many websites have URLs redirected to other URLs. By using this option, you can ask it to follow the redirected URL if it finds a redirection.

Ffuf has many filters available. Using this option, we can specify ffuf to automatically calibrate those filter options.

Delay (-D)

What is a fuzzer without the option for adding delay between requests. Ffuf too has this option to add delay between each request. For example, let’s add 3 seconds delay between each request.

Stop ffuf on getting error (-se)

If Ffuf faces an error while fuzzing, it continues scanning. By setting this option, you can ask ffuf to stop when it faces any spurious error.

Search for files with specified extension (-e)

This option is used to search for files with specified extensions.

Save output (-o)

Finally if you want to save output of ffuf to a file, this is the option to use.

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Beginners guide to theHarvester tool

Hello, aspiring ethical hackers. In one of our previous blogposts, you learnt in detail about OSINT. In this blogpost, you will learn about a tool called theharvester that is used to gather open source intelligence (OSINT) on a company or domain.

Using theHavester tool, we can gather information like subdomain names, email addresses, virtual hosts, open ports, banners and employee names of an organization from different public sources like search engines, pgp key servers, IP addresses and URLs.

theHarvester is installed by default on almost all pen testing distros. For this tutorial, we will be using Kali Linux. theHarvester is very simple to use but very powerful during footprinting stage of a red team assessment or a penetration test. It can take a domain or an organization as target as shown below.

theHarvester can list a lot of entries as part of performing OSINT. You can specify the limit to the number of entries you want to be displayed.

You can even start querying from particular entry form list of entries displayed. For example, you want to start querying from the 10th entry.

–shodan

theHarvester also has a option called “–shodan” that queries the Shodan search engine for any open ports or banners from discovered hosts. However, this requires api keys.

–screenshot

This command allows theHarvester to take screenshots of subdomains that are found.

–dns-brute

As the command explains, you can brute force DNS servers using this option.

–source

theHarvester uses many public sources to collect information. Some of them are anubis, baidu, bing, brave, censys, etc. We can even ask it to use a specific source using the “–source” command.

Learn how to perform OSINT using amass or Maltego or Spiderfoot.

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Beginners guide to amass

Hello, aspiring ethical hackers. In one of our previous blogposts, you learnt in detail about network footprinting. It is performed to discover assets of the organization that are exposed to the internet. In this blogpost, you will learn about a tool. amass that can discover majority of any organization’s exposed assets.

OWASP Amass used mainly to find assets mapped to a particular domain, perform sub-domain enumeration, autonomous system numbers (ASNs) etc. Although there are many other tools that can enumerate sub-domains etc. (for example gobuster), this tool as you can see is backed by OWASP. Let’s see how to use this tool to discover assets of an organization.

Amass is installed by default in almost all pen testing distros. For this blogpost, we will be using Kali Linux. It doesn’t have a man page yet, but we can see all the options it supports using the help option.

Amass has 5 subcommands as shown below.

Each subcommand has its own help section. For example, let’s see the “intel” subcommand first.

amass intel

The ‘intel’ subcommand is used to discover targets to perform enumeration later. We can specify an IP address, IP address range, domain etc as targets to this command.

Apart from these, even ASN can also be specified as target.

amass enum

This sub command is used to perform enumeration and network mapping of the discovered targets.

Using it, we can perform DNS enumeration too. All the findings of “amass enum” command are stored in a graph database, which is located in the amass’s default output folder. To enumerate subdomains of a domain using amass enum, this is the command.

amass enum -d owasp.org -whois

Adding, “-ip” option to the above command, we can also get IP addresses for the sub domains discovered.

Amass queries more than 80 sources to collect information. All the sources it queries can be seen using the list flag.

Learn how to perform OSINT with theharvester tool.

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Man in the Middle (MiTM) attack for beginners

Hello aspiring ethical hackers. In this blogpost, you will learn about Man in the Middle (MITM) attack. You know how does normal communication take place in cyber world. For example, you as a user communicate with a trusted server or resource thinking that the data you send is safely received by the trusted server and vice versa. What if its not.

What is Man in the middle attack (MITM)?

In Man in the middle (MITM) attack, a hacker intercepts the communication between a trusted user and server. The information he/she intercepts can be used for malicious purposes.

There are different types of MITM attacks. They are,

1. IP spoofing:

In this attack, the hacker spoofs the IP address of the normal user. Learn more about IP spoofing.

2. Wi Fi MiTM:

In this attack, hackers setup a fake wireless access point that is open. Learn more about evll twin attack.

3. Sniffing passwords:

If the credentials are being transmitted in cleartext without any encryption in the network, they can be viewed by hackers. Learn more about password sniffing.

4. Session hijacking:

In this type of MiTM attack, the session is hijacked. Learn more about session hijacking.

5. HTTPS spoofing:

HTTPS is considered secure as data is transmitted in encrypted format in this. However, even this can be spoofed.

Learn how to perform a variety of MiTM attacks using Websploit.